专英翻译

As indicated in the preceding discussion, the communication channel provides the connection between the transmitter and the receiver. The physical channel may be a pair of wires that carry the electrical signal, or an optical fiber that carries the information on a modulated light beam, or an underwater ocean channel in which the information is transmitted acoustically, or free space over which the information-bearing signal is radiated by use of an antenna. Other media that can be characterized as communication channels are data storage media, such as magnetic tape, magnetic disks, and optical disks.

正如前面指出的，通信信道在发送机与接收机之间提供了连接。信号的一对明线;或是在已调光波束上携带信息的光纤;物理信道也许是携带电形式传输;或是自由空间，其他媒质是数据存储媒质或是水下海洋信道，其中信息以声波携带信息的信号通过天线在空间辐射传输。可被表征为通信信道的，例如磁带、磁盘和光盘。

One common problem in signal transmission through any channel is additive noise. In general, additive noise is generated internally by components such as resistors and solid-state devices used to implement the communication system. This is sometimes called thermal noise. Other sources of noise and interference may arise externally to the system, such as interference from other users of the channel. When such noise and interference occupy the same frequency band as the desired signal, its effect can be minimized by proper design of the transmitted signal and its demodulator at the receiver. Other types of signal degradations that may be encountered in transmission over the channel are signal attenuation, amplitude and phase distortion, and multipath distortion.

在信号通过任何信道传输中的一个共同的问题是加性噪声。一般地,加性噪声是由通信系统内部组成元器件所引起的，例如电阻和固态器件。有时将这种噪声称为热噪声。其他噪声和干扰源也许是系统外面引起的，例如来自信道上其他用户的干扰。当这样的噪声和于扰与期望信号占有同频带时，可通过对发送信号和接收机中解调器的适当设计来使它们的影响最小。信号在信道上传输时可能会遇到的其他类型损伤有信号衰减、幅度和相位失真、多径失真等。

The effects of noise may be minimized by increasing the power in the transmitted signal. However, equipment and other practical constraints limit the power level in the transmitted signal. Another basic limitation is the available channel bandwidth. A bandwidth constraint is usually due to the physical limitations of the medium and the electronic components used to implement the transmitter and the receiver. These two limitations result in constraining the amount of data that can be transmitted reliably over any communications channel as we shall observe in later chapters. Below, we describe some of the important characteristics of several communication channels.

可以通过增加发送信号功率的方法使噪声的影响最小。然而，设备和其他实际因素限制了发送信号的功率电平:，另一个基本的限制是可用的信道带宽。带宽的限制通常是由于媒质以及发送机和接收机中组成器件和部件的物理限制产生的。这两种限制因素限制了在任何通信信道上能可靠传输的数据量，我们将在以后各章中讨论这种情况。下面描述几种通信信道的重要特征。 Wireline Channels The telephone network makes extensive use of wire lines for voice signal transmission, as well as data and video transmission. Twisted-pair wire lines and coaxial cable are basically guided electromagnetic channels that provide relatively modest bandwidths. Telephone wire generally used to connect a customer to a central office has a bandwidth of several hundred kilohertz (kHz). On the other hand, coaxial cable has a usable bandwidth of several megahertz (MHz). Figure 2.1 illustrates the frequency range of guided electromagnetic channels, which include waveguides and optical fibers.

有线信道 电话网络扩大了有线线路的应用，如话音信号传输以及数据和视频传输。双绞线和同轴电缆是基本的导向电磁信道，它能提供比较适度的带宽。通常用来连接用户和中心机房的电话线的带宽为几百千赫(kHz )。另一方面，同轴电缆的可用带宽是几兆赫(MHz }。图2.1示出了导向电磁信道的频率范围，其中包含波导和光纤。

Signals transmitted through such channels are distorted in both amplitude and phase and further corrupted by additive noise. Twisted-pair wireline channels are also prone to crosstalk interference from physically adjacent channels. Because wireline channels carry a large percentage of our daily communications around the country and the world, much research has been performed on the characterization of their transmission properties and on methods for mitigating the amplitude and phase distortion encountered in signal transmission. In Chapter 9, we describe methods for designing optimum transmitted signals and their demodulation; in Chapters 10 and 11, we consider the design of channel equalizers that compensate for amplitude and phase distortion on these channels.

信号在这样的信道上传输时，其幅度和相位都会发生失真，还受到加性噪声的恶化。双绞线信道还易受到来自物理邻近信道的串音干扰。因为在全国和全世界有线信道上通信在日常通信中占有相当大的比例，因此，人们对传输特性的表征以及对信号传输时的幅度和相位失真的减缓方法作了大量研究。在第9章中，我们将阐述最佳传输信号及其解调的设计方法。在第10章和第11章中，我们将研究信道均衡器的设计，它是用来补偿信道的幅度和相位失真的。

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