Humoral, cell-mediated and mucosal immunity induced by oculo-nasal

Vaccine27(2009)3631–3642

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Vaccine

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Humoral,cell-mediatedandmucosalimmunityinducedbyoculo-nasalvaccinationofone-day-oldSPFandconventionallayerchickswithtwodifferentliveNewcastlediseasevaccines

FabienneRauwa, ,YannickGardinb,VilmosPalyac,StevenvanBorma,MartineGonzea,SophieLemairea,ThierryvandenBerga,BénédicteLambrechta

a

AvianVirologyandImmunologyUnit,VeterinaryandAgrochemicalResearchCentre(VAR),rueGroeselenberg99,1180Ukkel(Brussels),BelgiumCEVASantéAnimale,BP126,33501Libourne,Francec

Phylaxia-Sano ,Szallasutca5,H-1107Budapest,Hungary

b

articleinfoabstract

TofurthercharacterizetheimmuneresponseelicitedbytwoliveNewcastlediseasevaccines,humoral,cellularandmucosalimmunitywasevaluatedafteroculo-nasalvaccinationofday-oldchickens.Thepreferentialreplicationsitesforeachvaccinestrainwereinvestigatedbyscreeningdifferenttissuesusingquantitativereal-timereversetranscription-polymerasechainreaction(QRRT-PCR).Theinterferenceofmaternallyderivedantibodywithvaccinationwasalsoconsideredinconventionallayerchickens.InSPFchickens,similarhumoralimmune-responsewasmeasuredinbloodandtearsbutadifferentialpro leofcell-mediatedimmunitywasobservedaccordingtothevaccinestrain.Thelung-associatedhumoralimmunitywashigherwiththetracheotropicstrainwhiletheenterotropicvaccineinducedamoreimportantspeci cimmunityinthedigestivetract.Thepresenceofmaternallyderivedantibodyinconventionallayerchickenslimited,ifnotcompletelyabrogated,theirimmuneresponsestovaccination.ThisstudyincreasesourunderstandingoftheprotectiveimmuneresponseagainstNewcastlediseasevirus(NDV)andprovidesnewusefulinformationsforthedevelopmentandevaluationofnewtypesofvaccines.

©2009ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.

Articlehistory:

Received4November2008

Receivedinrevisedform11March2009Accepted17March2009

Availableonline9April2009Keywords:

NewcastlediseasevirusVaccinationImmunity

1.Introduction

Newcastlediseasevirus(NDV),alsoknownasavianParamyx-ovirustype-1(AMPV-1),isamemberoftheAvulavirusgenuswithintheParamyxoviridaefamily[1].Itisthecausativeagentofaneco-nomicallyimportantdisease,whichaffectsallspeciesofbirdsworldwide.Newcastledisease(ND)mayinducesignsofdepres-sion,diarrhoea,prostration,oedemaoftheheadandwattlesbutthesymptomatologycanvaryfromclinicallyunapparenttohighlyvirulentformsdependingonthevirusstrainandhostspecies.His-torically,NDVisolateshavebeendividedinto vepathotypes[1],dependingontissuetropismandclinicalsignsininfectedchickens:viscerotropicandneurotropicvelogenic,mesogenic,lentogenicandasymptomaticentericforms.Anotherclassi cationsystemusingfull-lengthsequencetorelatethevirusesisolatedovertimeshowstwomajordivisionsrepresentedbyClassIandClassII,withClassIIbeingfurtherdividedintoatleasteightgenotypes[2].Atthe

Correspondingauthor.Tel.:+3223791321;fax:+3223791337.E-mailaddress:farau@var.fgov.be(F.Rauw).0264-410X/$–seefrontmatter©2009ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.03.068

presenttime,epidemiologicaldataindicatethattheviruslineagescurrentlyseenaroundtheworldareviscerotropic.Indeed,geno-typeII,theonlyassociatedwithpneumotropicsymptoms,hasnotbeenisolatedsincetheearly1970sintheU.S.[3].

ControlofNDprimarilyconsistsofvaccinationof ocksandcullingofinfectedorlikelyinfectedbirds.Currentvaccinestrategiescanbeeffectiveincontrollingseriousillnessanddeathininfectedbirds,butvirusreplicationandsheddingmaystilloccur,albeitatareducedlevel[4].Atthepresenttime,vaccinationprogramsforNDVincludetheuseoflentogenicstrainseitherinactivated(killed)orattenuated(live)inordertoinduceagoodprotectiveimmunitywhileproducingminimaladverseeffectsinbirds.Bothvaccineshavetheiradvantagesanddisadvantages,whichhavebeenreviewedpreviously[5,6].Inparticular,inactivatedvaccinesarealmostalwaysmanufacturedtobeusedbyindividualinjectionofbirds,inducingmainlysystemicimmunity.Ontheotherhand,attenuatedvaccinesmaybeingestedorinhaledandareusedformassadministration,allowingtheinductionofbothsystemicandlocalimmunity.Thelatterarethepredominantmethodspracticedbythecommercialpoultryindustry.Amongattenuatedvaccinesmarketedworldwide,thelentogenicHitchnerB1,LaSota,Clone

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