Effect of manganese spatial distribution in the soil profile on wheat growth in rice–wheat rotation

PlantandSoil261:39–46,2004.

©2004KluwerAcademicPublishers.PrintedintheNetherlands.

39

Effectofmanganesespatialdistributioninthesoilpro leonwheatgrowthinrice–wheatrotation

ShihuaLu2,1,XuejunLiu1,LongLi1,FusuoZhang1,4,XiangzhongZeng2&CaixianTang3

1DepartmentofPlantNutrition,KLPSI-MOE,KLPN-MOA,ChinaAgriculturalUniversity,2Institute

Beijing100094,China.

ofSoilsandFertilzers,SichuanAcademyofAgriculturalSciences,Chengdu,610066,China.

3DepartmentofAgriculturalSciences,LaTrobeUniversity,Bundoora,Vic.3086,Australia.4Correspondingauthor

Received24December2002.Acceptedinrevisedform11July2003

Keywords:manganese,rice–wheatrotation,soil,spatialdistribution,wheat,manganesenutritionAbstract

Manganese(Mn)de ciencyinwheatunderrice(OryzasativaL.)andwheat(TriticumaestivumL.)rotationisanimportantprobleminmostrice-growingareasinChina.A eldsurvey, eldtrialsandasoilcolumnexperimentwereconductedtodeterminetherelationshipbetweenMnleachinganddistributioninsoilpro lesandpaddyricecultivationandtheeffectsofMndistributioninsoilpro lesonwheatgrowthanditsresponsetoMnfertilization.At ve eldsitessurveyed,totalMnandactiveMnconcentrationsinthetopsoillayersunderrice–wheatrotationswereonly42%and11%,respectively,ofthoseundersystemswithoutpaddyrice.BothtotalandavailableMnincreasedwithsoildepthinsoilswithrice–wheatrotations,showingsigni cantspatialvariabilityofMninthesoilpro le.ManganeseleachingwasthemainpathwayforMnlossincoarse-texturedsoilwithhighpH,whileexcessiveMnuptakewasthemainpathwayforMnlossinclay-texturedandacidsoil.WhenMnwasde cientinthetopsoil,suf cientMninthesubsoilcontributedtobettergrowthandMnnutritionofwheatbutinsuf cientMninthesubsoilresultedinMnde ciencyinwheat.

Introduction

Rice–wheatcroppingsystemsarelong-establishedmajorcerealproductionsystemsinChinaandsouthAsia(Jiaguo,2000;TimsinaandConnor,2001).Duetoprolongedreducingconditionsduringtherice-growingperiod,downwardmovementofMninthesoiloccurs(Li,1992;Luetal.,1990),withagradualdecreaseinMnconcentration,particularlyinthesur-facelayerofthesoil.Manganesede ciencyiscom-moninwheatandotheruplandcropsinrice–wheatrotationsystemsinChina(LiuandHan,1993;LuandZhang,1997).Forexample,Huetal.(1981)andTakkarandNayyar(1981)foundthatMnde ciencyinwheatoccurredon oodplainsoils(Fluvisols)alongriversidesoftheChengduPlainandIndo-GangeticPlains.Manganesefertilizationsigni cantlyincreased

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grainyieldsofwheatintheirstudies(Huetal.,1981;TakkarandNayyar,1981).Therehavealsobeenre-portsontheincidenceofMnde ciencyinwheatfollowingpaddyriceinotherregionsofChina(ChuandLi,1985;Maetal.,1985;Yang,1984)andIn-dia(Nayyaretal.,1985).TheincreasingoccurrenceofMnde ciencyanddeclineinwheatgrainyieldatmanysiteswithoutMnapplicationstimulatedstud-iestodeveloptechniquesforef cientmanagementofthisproblem.VariousMnfertilizers(Mnsalts,che-latessuchasMn-EDTAandpreparationsconsistingofmixturesofmicronutrients)andvariousapplica-tionmethods(soil,foliarandseedapplication)havebeenevaluatedfortheiref ciencyincorrectingMnde ciencyinwheat(Liuetal.,2001;Nayyaretal.,1985,2001).Moststudieshavesoughttoovercomethede ciencyofthismicronutrientthroughtheapplic-ationofMnfertilizers.However,theroleofthespatialdistributionofMninsoilpro leinMnthenutrition

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