Response surface methodology for optimization of the ultrasonic extraction of polysaccharides from

CarbohydratePolymers84 (2011) 503–508

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Carbohydrate

Polymers

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l

ResponsesurfacemethodologyforoptimizationoftheultrasonicextractionofpolysaccharidesfromCodonopsispilosulaNannf.var.modestaL.T.Shen

YuanfengZou,XingfuChen ,WenyuYang,ShaLiu

CollegeofAgronomy,SichuanAgriculturalUniversity,Ya’an625014,PRChina

articleinfoabstract

ThebestultrasonicextractionsofpolysaccharideswithwaterfromCodonopsispilosulawereinvestigatedbasedonaBox–Behnkendesign.

Threeindependentandmainvariables,includingextractiontime(min),ratioofwatertorawmaterialandultrasonicpower(W),whichwereofsigni cancefortheyieldsofpolysaccharideswerestudiedandtheBox–Behnkendesignwasbasedontheresultsofasingle-factorstest.

Theexperimentaldatawere ttedtoasecond-orderpolynomialequationusingmultipleregressionanalysisandalsoexaminedusingtheappropriatestatisticalmethods.Thebestextractionconditionsareasfollows:extractiontime44min,ratioofwatertorawmaterial56andultrasonicpower320W.Undertheoptimizationconditions,theexperimentalyieldwas36.264%,whichwaswellmatchedwiththepredictiveyield.

© 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Articlehistory:

Received14October2010

Receivedinrevisedform2December2010Accepted3December2010

Available online 10 December 2010Keywords:

PolysaccharidesfromCodonopsispilosulaResponsesurfacemethodologyUltrasonicextractionOptimization

1.Introduction

RadixCodononpsisisoneofthetraditionalChineseherbalmedicines(TCM),whichwastherootofCodonopsispilosula(Franch.)Nannf.,C.pilosulaNannf.var.modestaL.T.ShenandC.tangshenOliv.ItwasusedinTCMtolowerbloodpressureandincreasewhitebloodcellcounts,cureappetiteloss,strengthentheimmunizesystem(ChinaPharmacopoeiaCommittee,2010).RadixCodononpsiswasutilizedprimarilyasasubstitutionforgin-seng(Panaxginseng).Recently,severalinvestigatorsreportedthatthepolysaccharidesextractedfromRadixCodonopsishadseveralbioactivitiessuchastheimmunefunctionandimprovingthecom-pensatoryhematopoiesisofspleen(Yang,Li,Liu,&Xian,2005;Zhang,Zhu,Hu,Lai,&Mo,2003)andanti-activeoxygenfreeradicals(Li&Yang,2001).Meanwhile,reportsaboutthere uxextrac-tion,puri cationandstructuralelucidationofpolysaccharidesfromRadixCodonopsisappearedtoo(Han,Cheng,&Chen,2005;Sun&Liu,2008;Zhang,Zhang,Yang,&Liang,2010).Hot-waterre uxextractiontechnologyisthemainextractionmethodofpolysac-charidesfromRadixCodononpsisinrecentresearches,whichisaclassicalextractionmethodofpolysaccharides.Itusuallyrequireslongextractiontime,hightemperature,buttheextractionef -ciencyislow(Sun,Liu,&Kennedy,2010).Therefore,itisessentialanddesirableto ndaneconomicalandhighef cientextractionmethodofpolysaccharidesfromRadixCodonopsis.

Correspondingauthor.Tel.:+868352882612;fax:+868352882612.E-mailaddress:chenxf64@sohu.com(X.Chen).0144-8617/$–seefrontmatter© 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.12.013

Recently,ultrasonicextractionwastestedasanalternativemethodforisolatingpolysaccharidesfromdifferentplantmate-rials(HromadkovaandEbringerova,2003;Wang,Cheng,Mao,Fan,&Wu,2009).Itisreportedthatextractionef ciencyisgreatlyenhancedbyultrasonictreatments.Theabilityofultrasonictreatmenttoimprovetherecoveryofpolysaccharidesismainlyattributedtoitsfacilitationofmasstransferduringimmisciblephasesthroughagitation,especiallyatlowfrequency(Vinatoruetal.,1997).Comparedwithclassicalmethods,theultrasonictreat-mentcanreduceextractiontimeandenergy,andenhancetheextractionquotiety.

Responsesurfacemethodology(RSM)isaneffectivestatisticaltechniqueforoptimizingcomplexprocesses.ThemainadvantageofRSMisthereducednumberofexperimentaltrialsneededtoevaluatemultipleparametersandtheirinteractions.Therefore,itislesslaboriousandtime-consumingthanotherapproachesrequiredtooptimizeaprocess(Zhong&Wang,2010).Itwaswidelyusedinoptimizingthepolysaccharideextractionprocessvariables(Gan,AbdulManaf,&Latiff,2010;Guo,Zou,&Sun,2010;Zhu,Heo,&Row,2010).Box–Behnkendesign(BBD)isatypeofresponsesurfacedesign.Itisanindependentquadraticdesigninthatitdoesnotcontainanembeddedfactorialorfractionalfactorialdesign.Inthisdesignthetreatmentcombinationsareatthemidpointsofedgesoftheprocessspaceandatthecenter.Thesedesignsarerotatable(ornearrotatable)andrequire3levelsofeachfactor.Itismoreef cientandeasiertoarrangeandinterpretexperimentsincomparisonwithothers.Itiswidelyusedinmanyresearches(Sun,Li,Yan,&Liu,2010;Zhao,Wang,&Lu,2009).

Eventheultrasonictreatmenthassomanyadvantages,thereisnoinformationpublishedabouttheoptimizationofultrasonic

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